Cardamom, often called the "queen of spices," has been a cornerstone of traditional medicine and culinary arts for centuries.

Native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia, cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is now cultivated in several tropical regions of the world.

Beyond its distinct aroma and flavor, modern science has begun to unravel the myriad health benefits attributed to this small but potent spice.

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This article delves into the science-backed health benefits of cardamom, highlighting its potential to enhance human health and well-being.

Nutritional Profile of Cardamom

Cardamom is packed with a variety of nutrients that contribute to its health benefits. It contains essential oils, such as cineole, terpinene, limonene, sabinene, and borneol, which are responsible for its unique fragrance and therapeutic properties.

Additionally, cardamom provides vitamins and minerals including vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and manganese.

These nutrients play crucial roles in various bodily functions and contribute to the spice's overall health-promoting effects.

Studies have highlighted the diverse phytochemical composition of cardamom, including antioxidant properties, anti-hypercholesterolemic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and gastro-protective effects (Khan et al., 2022; , Daneshi-Maskooni et al., 2017).

The presence of essential vitamins like vitamin B1 in cardamom contributes to its nutritional value, with potential benefits for growth and overall health (Laoli, 2024).

The bioactive compounds found in cardamom, such as 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpinyl acetate, sabinene, and linalool acetate, contribute to its health-promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory and blood pressure-lowering effects (Heydarian, 2023).

The high phenolic and flavonoid content in cardamom further enhances its antioxidant capacity (Chimbetete et al., 2019).

In summary, cardamom's nutritional profile is rich in phytochemicals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that contribute to its therapeutic potential and health benefits.

From antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to cardioprotective effects and soil fertility enhancement, cardamom emerges as a versatile spice with significant nutritional value and health-promoting characteristics.

1. Antioxidant Properties of Cardamom

Cardamom is rich in antioxidants, which are compounds that help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and contributing to chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Research has shown that cardamom contains terpenes and phenolic compounds, which have potent antioxidant properties (Ballester et al. (2023).

These antioxidants are essential in boosting the levels of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in the body, thereby contributing to overall health and well-being (Hamzaa & Osman, 2012).

Moreover, the flavonoids found in cardamom are linked to significant antioxidant and therapeutic properties, which have led to its reputation as the "queen of spices" due to its delightful aroma and taste (AbdEl-khalik, 2022).

Additionally, cardamom's antioxidant effects include its ability to inhibit lipid peroxide formation and neutralize superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, demonstrating its potential as a strong antioxidant agent (Kazemi et al., 2017).

The polyphenolic compounds in cardamom, such as quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and pelargonidin, further enhance its antioxidant properties (Aghasi et al., 2018).

Essential oils extracted from cardamom have also been identified as antioxidants that help in scavenging free radicals, highlighting their potential health benefits (Johnson & Narayana, 2020).

Furthermore, studies have shown that cardamom can protect against conditions induced by oxidative stress, such as myocardial infarction, by exerting cardioprotective effects through free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (Goyal et al., 2015).

The antioxidant potential of cardamom has also been investigated in the realm of chemoprevention, demonstrating its effectiveness in combating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (Qiblawi et al., 2015).

In summary, the diverse array of bioactive compounds in cardamom contributes to its antioxidant properties, making it a valuable natural resource with the potential to enhance health and combat conditions related to oxidative stress.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cardamom

Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection. However, chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Cardamom has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that can help mitigate inflammation and its related health issues.

Research has shown that cardamom can inhibit inflammatory pathways involving enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thus reducing inflammation (Heydarian (2023).

Additionally, cardamom is suggested to decrease the production of eicosanoid mediators of inflammation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties (Kazemi et al., 2017).

The anti-inflammatory properties of cardamom are associated with its capacity to prevent and inhibit proinflammatory proteins through various inflammatory signaling pathways (Pangestu et al., 2023).

Moreover, studies indicate that cardamom can notably decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, showcasing its anti-inflammatory effects (Azimi et al., 2014).

Cardamom has been found to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes like NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in colon cells by lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Sreedharan et al., 2023).

Furthermore, various clinical trials have highlighted cardamom's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential in addressing diseases by modulating inflammatory responses (Aghasi et al., 2019.

Additionally, cardamom has been shown to suppress and inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, underscoring its anti-inflammatory effects (Daneshi-Maskooni et al., 2018).

In summary, cardamom's anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through its modulation of inflammatory pathways, reduction in the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators, and inhibition of cytokine release involved in inflammation.

These findings emphasize the potential of cardamom as a natural remedy with anti-inflammatory properties that could be beneficial in various health conditions.

3. Cardamom May Improve Digestive Health

Cardamom has long been used as a remedy for digestive problems.

It is known to stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, which can enhance the digestive process and alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort.

Cardamom can help manage indigestion, bloating, gas, and constipation.

Studies have indicated that the consumption of cardamom extract can have a favorable effect on improving the gastrointestinal milieu, supporting its traditional therapeutic uses for intestinal health improvement (Huang et al. (2007).

Furthermore, cardamom has been recognized for its ability to aid digestion and improve oral health (Iqbal, 2023).

The spice has been reported to exhibit numerous health benefits, including improving digestion, stimulating metabolism, and demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (Goyal et al., 2015; , Das et al., 2011).

Cardamom essential oil has been found to stimulate gastric acid secretion, acting as a digestive stimulant and a robust antimicrobial agent (Ismail, 2023).

The carminative effects of cardamom have been highlighted in studies, indicating its potential to reduce gastrointestinal flatulence and colic, thereby enhancing digestive health (Verma, 2023).

The spice's role in enhancing appetite, digestion, and possessing anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties has been recognized, further supporting its potential to improve digestive health (Abrol, 2018).

Overall, the collective evidence underscores the beneficial effects of cardamom in promoting digestive health through its diverse array of bioactive compounds and traditional uses.

4. Cardamom May Improve Oral Health

The antimicrobial properties of cardamom make it an excellent natural remedy for maintaining oral health.

Cardamom can help combat bad breath, reduce the growth of bacteria in the mouth, and prevent dental infections.

Research indicates that cardamom exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties that can improve oral health (Tharakan, 2023).

Studies have shown that cardamom can enhance oral hygiene by reducing volatile sulfur compound concentration, which helps combat halitosis (Erawati et al., 2014).

Furthermore, the antifungal activity of cardamom extracts against oral pathogens like Candida albicans has been demonstrated, suggesting its potential in maintaining oral health (Tiwari & Sivakumar, 2022).

Moreover, cardamom has been found to have a protective effect on oral tissues. For instance, cardamom-based mouthwash has been shown to improve periodontal health through its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.

Additionally, the antioxidant properties of cardamom may help in preventing oxidative stress-related damage in the oral cavity, thereby promoting oral health.

In summary, the research suggests that cardamom, with its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, has the potential to improve oral health.

Incorporating cardamom into oral hygiene products or diet may offer benefits in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing oral diseases.

5. Can Cardamom Improve Cardiovascular Health?

Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that cardamom may play a beneficial role in heart health by improving blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and overall heart function.

Research has shown that cardamom supplementation can prevent dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and hepatic damage in high-carbohydrate high-fat diet-induced obese rats, indicating its potential to mitigate risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (Rahman et al., 2017).

Additionally, studies have highlighted the cardioprotective effects of cardamom, demonstrating its ability to protect the myocardium through free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities, which can help maintain heart health (Goyal et al., 2015).

Moreover, cardamom has been associated with beneficial effects on blood pressure and endothelial function.

Clinical trials have reported that consumption of cardamom, along with other spices like cinnamon, saffron, and ginger, can lead to improvements in blood pressure and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, suggesting a potential role in managing cardiovascular health (Azimi et al., 2016; Ballester et al., 2023).

Furthermore, cardamom supplementation has been linked to reductions in inflammatory markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, which are important factors in cardiovascular health (Heydarian, 2023).

In addition, cardamom has shown promise in improving lipid profiles, glycemic indices, and blood pressure in overweight and obese individuals, indicating its potential to manage risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (Fatemeh et al., 2017).

The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and blood pressure-lowering properties of cardamom have been suggested to contribute to its beneficial effects on cardiovascular health (Zahedi et al., 2020; Patel, 2023).

Overall, the research suggests that cardamom may have a positive impact on cardiovascular health through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties.

Incorporating cardamom into the diet or as a supplement may offer potential benefits in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases.

6. Antidiabetic Properties of Cardamom

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. Cardamom has been studied for its potential antidiabetic properties, which could help manage and prevent diabetes.

Research has shown that cardamom supplementation can lead to a decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin levels, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by increasing sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) concentration (Aghasi et al. (2019).

Additionally, cardamom has been found to inhibit glycation, demonstrating antidiabetic effects (Nadeem et al., 2022).

Furthermore, studies have indicated that cardamom supplementation can reduce inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in pre-diabetic individuals, suggesting a potential role in managing diabetes-related complications (Kazemi et al., 2017).

Moreover, cardamom has been associated with improvements in glycemic control and lipid profiles. Studies have reported that cardamom consumption can lower blood glucose levels, stimulate insulin secretion, and alleviate diabetic complications (Ansari et al., 2023).

Additionally, cardamom supplementation has been linked to reductions in hepatomegaly, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, similar to the effects of pioglitazone, a common antidiabetic medication (Bhat et al., 2015).

Furthermore, cardamom has been shown to have antioxidant properties that can contribute to its antidiabetic effects (Mardiana et al., 2020).

In summary, the research suggests that cardamom possesses antidiabetic properties through various mechanisms such as improving glycemic control, reducing inflammatory markers, inhibiting glycation, and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

Incorporating cardamom into the diet or as a supplement may offer potential benefits in managing diabetes and its associated complications.

7. Can Cardamom Improve Respiratory Health?

Cardamom has traditionally been used to treat respiratory ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and cough.

The spice contains compounds that can help clear congestion, improve airflow to the lungs, and alleviate respiratory symptoms.

Studies have shown that cardamom oil has anti-inflammatory properties, as demonstrated in reducing paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats (Sermugapandian et al. (2018). This suggests its potential in alleviating inflammation-related respiratory conditions.

Additionally, historical recommendations for cardamom in disorders like asthma and bronchitis further support its traditional use in promoting respiratory health (Badkook, 2013).

The anti-inflammatory effects of cardamom may positively impact respiratory health by reducing inflammation and supporting overall lung function.

However, further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms and benefits of cardamom in improving respiratory health.

8. Cancer Prevention Properties of Cardamom

The potential anticancer properties of cardamom have garnered significant interest in recent years.

Several studies have suggested that cardamom may help prevent the development and progression of certain types of cancer.

Studies have demonstrated that cardamom exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and antioxidant activities, which are recognized mechanisms underlying its anticancer properties (Moulai-Hacene et al. (2020).

Furthermore, cardamom has shown chemopreventive effects against skin cancer, forestomach papilloma genesis, and Ehrlich solid tumors (Almeer et al., 2021; Qiblawi et al., 2015; Badroon et al., 2020). 

Additionally, cardamom essential oil has been found to have anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines, including triple-negative breast cancer (Tafrihani et al., 2023).

In summary, the available research suggests that cardamom may indeed possess promising cancer prevention properties due to its various activities.

These findings imply that cardamom could potentially be utilized as a natural chemopreventive agent against different types of cancer.

9. Cardamom May Aid Weight Management

Obesity is a major risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.

Cardamom may aid in weight management by promoting fat metabolism and reducing body fat accumulation.

Studies have shown that cardamom supplementation can prevent obesity, improve glucose intolerance, reduce inflammation, and lower oxidative stress in obese rats fed a high carbohydrate high-fat diet (Rahman et al. (2017).

Additionally, bioactive compounds from dietary spices, including cardamom, have been highlighted for their role in managing metabolic syndrome, which can contribute to weight management (Alkhatib et al., 2021).

Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis have indicated significant beneficial effects of cardamom on parameters such as insulin resistance, waist circumference, and blood pressure in individuals with metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential in weight management (Salimi, 2024).

These findings collectively suggest that cardamom may play a role in aiding weight management through various mechanisms related to metabolic health.

10. Cardamom May Improve Sexual Health

Cardamom has been traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and to improve sexual health.

The spice contains compounds that can enhance libido, improve sexual performance, and treat sexual dysfunction.

Cardamom has been found to have antioxidant properties (Khan et al. (2022) and has been traditionally believed to stimulate sexual desires (Iqbal, 2023).

The bioactive compounds in cardamom, such as cineole and terpineol, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may positively impact reproductive health (Patibandla, 2024).

In summary, while cardamom consumption has been associated with various health benefits, including improving glucose intolerance, reducing inflammation, and potentially enhancing reproductive health, more research is needed to fully understand its effects on libido specifically.

The existing evidence suggests that cardamom may contribute positively to overall health and well-being, which could indirectly influence libido through its impact on general health and vitality.

Incorporating Cardamom into Your Diet

To reap the health benefits of cardamom, it can be easily incorporated into your daily diet in various ways:

• Spice Blends: Cardamom is a key ingredient in many spice blends, such as garam masala and chai spice. Add these blends to your dishes for a flavorful and health-boosting twist.

• Beverages: Cardamom can be added to teas, coffees, and smoothies for a fragrant and healthful boost. Traditional Indian chai tea often includes cardamom for its distinctive flavor.

• Baking: Use cardamom in baking to add a unique flavor to cakes, cookies, and bread. It pairs well with other warm spices like cinnamon and cloves.

• Cooking: Incorporate cardamom into savory dishes such as curries, stews, and rice pilafs. The spice adds depth and complexity to the flavors.

• Supplements: Cardamom supplements are available in various forms, including capsules and extracts. Consult with a healthcare professional before adding any new supplements to your regimen.Share

Conclusion

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a versatile and potent spice with a rich history in traditional medicine.

Modern scientific research has begun to uncover the extensive health benefits of cardamom, ranging from its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to its potential to promote cardiovascular health, aid digestion, and enhance mental well-being.

Incorporating cardamom into your diet can provide a natural and flavorful way to boost your health and prevent various diseases.

As with any natural remedy, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before making significant changes to your diet or health routine.

The queen of spices, cardamom, truly lives up to its regal title by offering a wealth of health benefits supported by science.